Manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): revisión de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36829/63CTS.v7i3.1005Abstract
La Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) supone un reto sin precedentes para la salud pública. Los médicos deben fortalecer sus habilidades clínicas para combatir esta nueva enfermedad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los signos, síntomas y complicaciones de pacientes con COVID-19. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura en la base de datos PubMed incluyendo publicaciones entre 1 de diciembre 2019 y 15 de agosto 2020, sin restricciones de lenguaje, utilizando las palabras clave ‘COVID-19’ cruzada con ‘manifestaciones clínicas’, ‘signos y síntomas’ y ‘complicaciones’. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis, estudios epidemiológicos y series de casos. Se identificaron 1,066 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 71 de acuerdo a los contenidos previamente definidos por los autores. La COVID-19 presenta un curso de leve a moderado y severo-crítico, específicamente en mayores de 65 años con o sin comorbilidades. Los signos y síntomas no son específicos y usualmente se superponen de acuerdo a la edad y a la fase de la enfermedad. Los síntomas más comunes son fiebre, tos y fatiga. Síntomas menos comunes incluyen escalofríos, dolor de garganta, cefalea, mialgias/artralgias, pérdida del gusto y del olfato, diarrea, nausea, vómitos, congestión nasal, palpitaciones, opresión precordial y dolor pleurítico. La sintomatología en niños difiere de la de los adultos y el curso es usualmente benigno y de baja mortalidad. La evaluación clínica de COVID-19 supone un reto hoy en día. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de la historia natural de la enfermedad permite situar los síntomas comunes e inespecíficos en el contexto clínico correcto
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