Aplicaciones de tecnología apropiada en el tratamiento y reutilización de aguas residuales para comunidades rurales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36829/08ASA.v20i1.2087Palabras clave:
aguas residuales, saneamiento rural, tecnologías apropiadas, humedales construidos, reactores anaeróbicos, reutilización, sostenibilidadResumen
El tratamiento de aguas residuales en comunidades rurales requiere soluciones descentralizadas, operables localmente y compatibles con restricciones económicas, climáticas y sociales. Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática de 28 estudios publicados entre 2021 y 2025 sobre tecnologías apropiadas para el tratamiento y la reutilización de aguas residuales rurales. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, combinando términos sobre saneamiento rural, tecnologías descentralizadas, humedales construidos, reactores anaeróbicos, biofiltración, lagunas de estabilización, reutilización y sostenibilidad. Los resultados muestran que los humedales construidos reportan remociones típicas de 80-95 % para contaminantes convencionales, los reactores anaeróbicos alcanzan reducciones de DBO cercanas a 70-90 % con bajo requerimiento energético, y los sistemas híbridos ofrecen efluentes de mayor calidad a cambio de mayor complejidad operativa. La evidencia indica que el desempeño no depende solo de la eficiencia técnica, sino también del clima, la disponibilidad de área, la carga hidráulica, el mantenimiento y la participación comunitaria. Se concluye que las tecnologías apropiadas son alternativas viables para el saneamiento rural cuando se seleccionan mediante criterios técnicos y contextuales explícitos.
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